芒属能源植物资源开发与利用

芒属植物是一类极具开发潜力的能源植物,近年来引起了欧美国家的高度关注。中国是芒属植物的分布中心,有着极其丰富的种质资源,开发利用这些种质资源对促进中国生物质能源产业的发展有十分重要的意义。介绍了芒属植物的分类与分布、种类及特点,概述了其作为能源植物的开发优势与利用途径,以及国内外的研究现状,展望了中国芒属能源作物产业的发展前景。     

芒属5种观赏草的耐荫性研究

对芒属5种观赏草进行不同的遮荫处理,测定了株高、叶长和叶宽等形态指标和叶绿素总含量、叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素a/b、最大净光合速率(Pmax)、光饱和点(LSP)、光补偿点(LCP)和表观量子效率(AQY)等光合生理指标,并对其耐荫性的强弱进行了综合排序。结果表明:遮荫对芒属5种观赏草的形态指标和光合生理指标都有不同程度的影响,5种观赏草的耐荫性强弱顺序依次为晨光芒>芒>五节芒>花叶芒>细叶芒。     

3种催熟剂对芒属植物的催熟效果比较

以五节芒02142（Miscanthus floridulus）和杂交种湘杂芒2号（M.sinensis×M.lutarioriparius）为材料,比较了3种催熟剂（农挞、乙烯利及二者的混合制剂）对芒属植物的催熟效果。结果表明,3种催熟剂均明显降低了芒属植物叶片的叶绿素相对含量（SPAD值）,其中农挞与农挞 乙烯利混合制剂效果相当,而乙烯利效果最差;3种催熟剂均明显促进了芒属植物植株脱水,其中农挞 乙烯利混合制剂效果最好,乙烯利效果最差,但与农挞配制后有明显的增效作用;在对芒属植物植株氮、磷和钾含量的影响上,乙烯利多表现出增大作用,而农挞与农挞 乙烯利混合制剂则表现出明显降低作用,以农挞（10 mL·L-1）+乙烯利（2 mL·L-1）处理的效果最好。综合来看,农挞 乙烯利混合制剂催熟效果最佳,且最佳浓度为农挞（10 mL·L-1）+乙烯利（2 mL·L-1）。     

湖北省荻群落分布特点和种群密度的初步调查

荻具发达根茎及不定根系,是优良的固土护坡植物,也具有耐淹能力,可应用于河流岸坡和水库消落带的水土保持。根据对湖北省荻分布的考察结果,将其生态分布划分为湿地植被类型、石漠化和丹霞地貌植被类型与山地植被类型。荻主要呈斑块状分布于池塘、沟渠和耕地边缘、森林边缘,面积从几平方米到几千平方米不等,森林内部没有其踪迹。湖北省荻种群密度一般为51.7~73.4株/m2,仅大柳和丹江口种群密度低于50株/m2。人为破坏生态环境,限制荻根茎的扩展是影响其分布的主要因素。在江汉平原荻生存空间狭小,将导致其一些重要的生态型和基因型的消失,该物种的遗传多样性将逐渐狭窄而成为濒危植物。     

杉木、马尾松幼林中以五节芒为主的杂草防除试验

通过采用不同药剂对杉木、马尾松幼林中以五节芒为主的杂草防除试验,结果表明:森泰能有效地灭除杉木、马尾松林的多年生恶性杂草五节芒、苦竹、刚竹、芒萁骨等;以草甘膦为主剂,Goal、Oust为辅剂的草甘膦混剂也能灭除五节芒等杂草,防除效果分别达到95%和92%以上。化学除草比人工除草减少用工56.1%~61%,同时为幼树生长创造良好的环境。     

Identifizierung verschiedener Miscanthus-Sorten mittels Isoenzymen

Identification of Miscanthus Varieties by their Isozymes
With the aim of testing the possibility of identifying Miscanthus varieties, zymograms of 13 isozymes from 65 plants of M. smensis, M. × giganteus and M. sacchariflorus were analysed using starch-gel electrophoresis. The zymograms of root, rhizome, and leaf tissues were compared. After similarity between the zymograms of the different types of tissues had been established, the tissue of young leaves was used for analysis. The zymograms of the different isozymes are variable in most cases and show as many as nine patterns. The large variation between the varieties allows an identification of each of the varieties analysed. About half of the plants could be attributed to M. × giganteus. In this group of plants, different variants were found in the isozymes of diaphorases and glutamate-oxalacetate-transammases. These variants might indicate that M. × giganteus includes more than one genotype. Some of the plants which were assumed to belong to M. × giganteus could clearly be excluded from this variety. Although some of the varieties can only be unequivocally identified by their flowers, it is possible to analyse the isozymes even in the dormant state of the rhizomes, thus, this method offers a simple way of identifymg Miscanthus varieties by the principle of exclusion, independent of the physiological state of the plant.     

Influencing combustion quality in Miscanthus sinensis Anderss.: identification of QTLs for calcium, phosphorus and sulphur content

Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analyses for combustion‐related traits including calcium, phosphorus and sulphur content have been carried out using two years of field trial data. Nine putative QTLs were detected using the Multiple QTL Model approach and the programme MapQTL 4.0. Two QTLs were found for calcium, two for sulphur and five for phosphorus. Out of the QTLs for phosphorus, P1 is probably the same locus as P3, and P2 as P4, although their confidence intervals do not agree. Ca1 was also consistently detected. These results may constitute the first step in developing a Marker‐Assisted Selection programme in Miscanthus for combustion‐related traits.     

草舒对五节芒和芦苇的除草效果初报

10.8%草舒水剂对五节芒和芦苇的除草效果试验表明,用量13 500 mL/hm2,药后45~60 d对五节芒防效达95%,持续期达184 d以上;对芦苇药后21 d防效达100%,药的持效期达85 d以上。进一步大面积应用证明,草舒除草效果良好。